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Kennel cough in dogs, also known as canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD), is a highly contagious respiratory disease that can spread quickly from one dog to another. It’s caused by a combination of bacteria and viruses that affect the upper respiratory tract. Kennel cough occurs most often among dogs in close quarters, such as those who spend time at boarding, training, or grooming facilities.
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While most adult dogs recover well with basic care, puppies, senior dogs, and those with weakened immune systems may develop more serious illness. Understanding how kennel cough spreads, what symptoms to watch for, and how to manage it can help protect your dog’s health.
What Causes Kennel Cough in Dogs?
Some people refer to kennel cough as “Bordetella” because the bacterium Bordetella bronchiseptica is a common cause. However, multiple pathogens can be involved, including mycoplasmas and viruses such as canine distemper, canine respiratory coronavirus, canine parainfluenza virus, and canine adenovirus type 2.
Transmission is either from direct contact with infected dogs, aerosols from coughing or sneezing of infected dogs, or from contact with contaminated objects. Cold air, poor ventilation, and stress can also make dogs more susceptible.
Crowded or enclosed environments such as kennels, grooming salons, daycare facilities, and dog parks increase the risk. “In places like these, dogs either inhale airborne droplets from coughing or sneezing or are exposed to pathogens via shared surfaces like water bowls, toys, and bedding,” says Dr. Randy Aronson, VMD, CCRT, CVA, a holistic integrative veterinarian based in Tucson, Ariz.
Although uncommon, some pathogens linked to kennel cough can spread to humans, particularly those with weakened immune systems. Practicing good hygiene, such as washing your hands after handling an infected dog, can help reduce risk.
Signs and Symptoms of Kennel Cough
The incubation period is the time between when a dog is exposed to the pathogen and begins showing symptoms of illness. “This period can be anywhere between 2 and 14 days,” Dr. Aronson explains. The main symptom to look out for is a harsh cough. It can sound like a goose honking.
Symptoms of kennel cough may include:
- Persistent and forceful “honking” or hacking cough
- Gagging or retching
- Excessive sneezing
- Runny nose
- Eye discharge
- Low fever, in some cases
- Mild lethargy
- Decreased appetite, in some cases
Mild cases of kennel cough often resolve on their own in healthy dogs. However, it’s important to consult your veterinarian because coughing can also signal more serious conditions such as collapsing trachea, bronchitis, asthma, heart disease, canine distemper virus, or canine influenza.
How Veterinarians Diagnose Kennel Cough
If your dog shows symptoms of kennel cough, notify your veterinary clinic before arrival so staff can limit exposure to other pets. Diagnosis typically starts with a review of your dog’s recent activities, including time spent in daycare, boarding, or at dog parks.
Veterinarians look for hallmark signs, especially the distinctive cough. In some cases, additional testing may be recommended, including:
- Nasal or throat swabs for PCR testing
- Cultures to identify the specific pathogen
- Blood work to rule out other conditions
- Chest X-rays, if pneumonia or a more serious infection is suspected
Treatment Options for Kennel Cough
Most mild cases are treated with supportive care, similar to a human cold. Rest, hydration, and time are essential for recovery. Dogs generally need at least a week of reduced activity.
Depending on the severity of your dog’s symptoms, your veterinarian may prescribe antibiotics to prevent secondary bacterial infections or cough suppressants to ease discomfort and improve rest. In some situations, they may recommend using a nebulizer or humidifier to soothe irritated airways.
To prevent transmission, dogs with kennel cough should be isolated from other dogs until they fully recover. Avoid boarding, daycare, and social interaction during this time.
How to Prevent Kennel Cough
Vaccination is one of the most effective ways to reduce the risk and severity of kennel cough. Vaccines targeting Bordetella bronchiseptica are widely available and are often recommended for dogs that frequently interact with others.
“Vaccinated dogs can still get kennel cough from other pathogens but are more likely to experience milder signs and a quicker recovery,” Dr. Aronson says.
Frequency of vaccination depends on your dog’s lifestyle, but boosters are typically given every 6 to 12 months. Many boarding and training facilities also require proof of vaccination.
Because multiple pathogens can cause kennel cough, vaccination doesn’t eliminate risk entirely. Maintaining good hygiene, avoiding shared bowls in public spaces, and limiting exposure during outbreaks can help protect your dog. Be sure to clean your dog’s bedding, toys, and bowls regularly.
Supporting a Dog’s Recovery from Kennel Cough
Most dogs recover within one to three weeks, though more severe cases can take longer. Rest is essential during this period. Overexertion can worsen coughing, so activity should be limited. Dogs should avoid contact with others while symptomatic and for at least two weeks after coughing stops.
After a week or so, you can begin gradually reintroducing exercise if your dog’s symptoms have improved. Start with mild activity, such as short and slow walks, and see how your dog responds. Dr. Aronson recommends using a harness instead of a dog collar to reduce pressure on your dog’s trachea and help prevent irritation or injury.
Since kennel cough is associated with decreased appetite, it’s important to keep your dog nourished and hydrated. If your dog’s appetite is reduced, contact your veterinarian. They may advise tempting your dog with “high-value” food, such as cooked chicken or hamburger to whet their appetite if they’re not eating well.
Keeping your dog’s environment clean and minimizing exposure to smoke, dust, or other irritants can also aid recovery. “To ease airway irritation, you can use a humidifier or steam therapy,” Dr. Aronson says. “Promptly contact your veterinarian if symptoms are getting worse, especially if your dog becomes lethargic, refuses food, or develops breathing difficulty.”
Key Takeaways
- Kennel cough is a highly contagious respiratory illness caused by multiple bacteria and viruses
- A persistent “honking” cough is the most recognizable symptom
- Most dogs recover with rest and supportive care, but veterinary guidance is important
- Vaccination and hygiene reduce the risk of infection and spread
- Isolating infected dogs helps prevent outbreaks in multi-dog environments
Frequently Asked Questions
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How long does kennel cough last in dogs?
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Most dogs recover within one to three weeks, though symptoms may linger longer in severe cases or in puppies and senior dogs.
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Can vaccinated dogs still get kennel cough?
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Yes. Vaccines reduce the risk and severity of illness but do not protect against all pathogens that cause kennel cough.
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When should I take my dog to the vet for coughing?
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If your dog has a persistent cough, decreased appetite, lethargy, or trouble breathing, contact your veterinarian. These could signal a more serious condition.
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Is kennel cough dangerous?
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Kennel cough is usually mild in healthy adult dogs but can be more serious in puppies, older dogs, or those with underlying health conditions.
This article is intended solely as general guidance, and does not constitute health or other professional advice. Individual situations and applicable laws vary by jurisdiction, and you are encouraged to obtain appropriate advice from qualified professionals in the applicable jurisdictions. We make no representations or warranties concerning any course of action taken by any person following or otherwise using the information offered or provided in this article, including any such information associated with and provided in connection with third-party products, and we will not be liable for any direct, indirect, consequential, special, exemplary or other damages that may result, including but not limited to economic loss, injury, illness or death.